2242 lines
105 KiB
HTML
2242 lines
105 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/loose.dtd">
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<html>
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<!-- Created on May, 18 2009 by texi2html 1.78 -->
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<!--
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Written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author)
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Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
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Olaf Bachmann <obachman@mathematik.uni-kl.de>
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and many others.
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Maintained by: Many creative people.
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Send bugs and suggestions to <texi2html-bug@nongnu.org>
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<head>
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<title>Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation</title>
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<meta name="description" content="Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation">
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</style>
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</head>
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<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
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<a name="Top"></a>
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<a name="SEC_Top"></a>
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<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
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<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
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</tr></table>
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<h1 class="settitle">Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation</h1>
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<p>This manual documents version of the Tiny C Compiler.
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</p>
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<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC1">1. Introduction</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Introduction to tcc.
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC2">2. Command line invocation</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Invocation of tcc (command line, options).
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC5">3. C language support</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> ANSI C and extensions.
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC10">4. TinyCC Assembler</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Assembler syntax.
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Output file generation and supported targets.
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Automatic bounds-checking of C code.
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC22">7. The <code>libtcc</code> library</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> The libtcc library.
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</td></tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC23">8. Developer's guide</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Guide for Developers.
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</td></tr>
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</table>
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<hr size="1">
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<a name="Introduction"></a>
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<a name="SEC1"></a>
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<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
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<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[ << ]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
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</tr></table>
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<h1 class="chapter"> 1. Introduction </h1>
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<p>TinyCC (aka TCC) is a small but hyper fast C compiler. Unlike other C
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compilers, it is meant to be self-relying: you do not need an
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external assembler or linker because TCC does that for you.
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</p>
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<p>TCC compiles so <em>fast</em> that even for big projects <code>Makefile</code>s may
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not be necessary.
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</p>
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<p>TCC not only supports ANSI C, but also most of the new ISO C99
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standard and many GNUC extensions including inline assembly.
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</p>
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<p>TCC can also be used to make <em>C scripts</em>, i.e. pieces of C source
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that you run as a Perl or Python script. Compilation is so fast that
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your script will be as fast as if it was an executable.
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</p>
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<p>TCC can also automatically generate memory and bound checks
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(see section <a href="#SEC21">TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a>) while allowing all C pointers operations. TCC can do
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these checks even if non patched libraries are used.
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</p>
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<p>With <code>libtcc</code>, you can use TCC as a backend for dynamic code
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generation (see section <a href="#SEC22">The <code>libtcc</code> library</a>).
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</p>
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<p>TCC mainly supports the i386 target on Linux and Windows. There are alpha
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ports for the ARM (<code>arm-tcc</code>) and the TMS320C67xx targets
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(<code>c67-tcc</code>). More information about the ARM port is available at
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<a href="http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/tinycc-devel/2003-10/msg00044.html">http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/tinycc-devel/2003-10/msg00044.html</a>.
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</p>
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<p>For usage on Windows, see also tcc-win32.txt.
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</p>
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<hr size="6">
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<a name="Invoke"></a>
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<a name="SEC2"></a>
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<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
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<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC1" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC3" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC1" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
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</tr></table>
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<h1 class="chapter"> 2. Command line invocation </h1>
|
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<hr size="6">
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<a name="SEC3"></a>
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<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
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<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC4" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
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</tr></table>
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<h2 class="section"> 2.1 Quick start </h2>
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<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">usage: tcc [options] [<var>infile1</var> <var>infile2</var>…] [‘<samp>-run</samp>’ <var>infile</var> <var>args</var>…]
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</pre></td></tr></table>
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<p>TCC options are a very much like gcc options. The main difference is that TCC
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can also execute directly the resulting program and give it runtime
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arguments.
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</p>
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<p>Here are some examples to understand the logic:
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</p>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -run a.c</samp>’</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and execute it directly
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -run a.c arg1</samp>’</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Compile a.c and execute it directly. arg1 is given as first argument to
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the <code>main()</code> of a.c.
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc a.c -run b.c arg1</samp>’</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.c</tt>’, link them together and execute them. arg1 is given
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as first argument to the <code>main()</code> of the resulting program.
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -o myprog a.c b.c</samp>’</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.c</tt>’, link them and generate the executable ‘<tt>myprog</tt>’.
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -o myprog a.o b.o</samp>’</code></dt>
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<dd><p>link ‘<tt>a.o</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.o</tt>’ together and generate the executable ‘<tt>myprog</tt>’.
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -c a.c</samp>’</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and generate object file ‘<tt>a.o</tt>’.
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -c asmfile.S</samp>’</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Preprocess with C preprocess and assemble ‘<tt>asmfile.S</tt>’ and generate
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object file ‘<tt>asmfile.o</tt>’.
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -c asmfile.s</samp>’</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Assemble (but not preprocess) ‘<tt>asmfile.s</tt>’ and generate object file
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‘<tt>asmfile.o</tt>’.
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> <code>‘<samp>tcc -r -o ab.o a.c b.c</samp>’</code></dt>
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<dd><p>Compile ‘<tt>a.c</tt>’ and ‘<tt>b.c</tt>’, link them together and generate the object file ‘<tt>ab.o</tt>’.
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</p>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<p>Scripting:
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</p>
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<p>TCC can be invoked from <em>scripts</em>, just as shell scripts. You just
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need to add <code>#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run</code> at the start of your C source:
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</p>
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<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run
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#include <stdio.h>
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int main()
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{
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printf("Hello World\n");
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return 0;
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}
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</pre></td></tr></table>
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|
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<p>TCC can read C source code from <em>standard input</em> when ‘<samp>-</samp>’ is used in
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place of ‘<samp>infile</samp>’. Example:
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</p>
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<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">echo 'main(){puts("hello");}' | tcc -run -
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</pre></td></tr></table>
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<hr size="6">
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<a name="SEC4"></a>
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||
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<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
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<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC3" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
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||
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
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||
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
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||
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
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||
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<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
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</tr></table>
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<h2 class="section"> 2.2 Option summary </h2>
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<p>General Options:
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</p>
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<dl compact="compact">
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<dt> ‘<samp>-v</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><p>Display current TCC version, increase verbosity.
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> ‘<samp>-c</samp>’</dt>
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<dd><p>Generate an object file (‘<samp>-o</samp>’ option must also be given).
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt> ‘<samp>-o outfile</samp>’</dt>
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|
|
<dd><p>Put object file, executable, or dll into output file ‘<tt>outfile</tt>’.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-Bdir</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Set the path where the tcc internal libraries can be found (default is
|
||
|
|
‘<tt>PREFIX/lib/tcc</tt>’).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-bench</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Output compilation statistics.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-run source [args...]</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Compile file <var>source</var> and run it with the command line arguments
|
||
|
|
<var>args</var>. In order to be able to give more than one argument to a
|
||
|
|
script, several TCC options can be given <em>after</em> the
|
||
|
|
‘<samp>-run</samp>’ option, separated by spaces. Example:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">tcc "-run -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11" ex4.c
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>In a script, it gives the following header:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11
|
||
|
|
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||
|
|
int main(int argc, char **argv)
|
||
|
|
{
|
||
|
|
...
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Preprocessor options:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-Idir</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Specify an additional include path. Include paths are searched in the
|
||
|
|
order they are specified.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>System include paths are always searched after. The default system
|
||
|
|
include paths are: ‘<tt>/usr/local/include</tt>’, ‘<tt>/usr/include</tt>’
|
||
|
|
and ‘<tt>PREFIX/lib/tcc/include</tt>’. (‘<tt>PREFIX</tt>’ is usually
|
||
|
|
‘<tt>/usr</tt>’ or ‘<tt>/usr/local</tt>’).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-Dsym[=val]</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Define preprocessor symbol ‘<samp>sym</samp>’ to
|
||
|
|
val. If val is not present, its value is ‘<samp>1</samp>’. Function-like macros can
|
||
|
|
also be defined: ‘<samp>-DF(a)=a+1</samp>’
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-Usym</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Undefine preprocessor symbol ‘<samp>sym</samp>’.
|
||
|
|
</p></dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Compilation flags:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Note: each of the following warning options has a negative form beginning with
|
||
|
|
‘<samp>-fno-</samp>’.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-funsigned-char</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Let the <code>char</code> type be unsigned.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-fsigned-char</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Let the <code>char</code> type be signed.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-fno-common</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Do not generate common symbols for uninitialized data.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-fleading-underscore</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Add a leading underscore at the beginning of each C symbol.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Warning options:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-w</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Disable all warnings.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Note: each of the following warning options has a negative form beginning with
|
||
|
|
‘<samp>-Wno-</samp>’.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-Wimplicit-function-declaration</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Warn about implicit function declaration.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-Wunsupported</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Warn about unsupported GCC features that are ignored by TCC.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-Wwrite-strings</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Make string constants be of type <code>const char *</code> instead of <code>char
|
||
|
|
*</code>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-Werror</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Abort compilation if warnings are issued.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-Wall</samp>’ </dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Activate all warnings, except ‘<samp>-Werror</samp>’, ‘<samp>-Wunusupported</samp>’ and
|
||
|
|
‘<samp>-Wwrite-strings</samp>’.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Linker options:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-Ldir</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Specify an additional static library path for the ‘<samp>-l</samp>’ option. The
|
||
|
|
default library paths are ‘<tt>/usr/local/lib</tt>’, ‘<tt>/usr/lib</tt>’ and ‘<tt>/lib</tt>’.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-lxxx</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Link your program with dynamic library libxxx.so or static library
|
||
|
|
libxxx.a. The library is searched in the paths specified by the
|
||
|
|
‘<samp>-L</samp>’ option.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-shared</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Generate a shared library instead of an executable (‘<samp>-o</samp>’ option
|
||
|
|
must also be given).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-static</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Generate a statically linked executable (default is a shared linked
|
||
|
|
executable) (‘<samp>-o</samp>’ option must also be given).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-rdynamic</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Export global symbols to the dynamic linker. It is useful when a library
|
||
|
|
opened with <code>dlopen()</code> needs to access executable symbols.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-r</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Generate an object file combining all input files (‘<samp>-o</samp>’ option must
|
||
|
|
also be given).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-Wl,-Ttext,address</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Set the start of the .text section to <var>address</var>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-Wl,--oformat,fmt</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Use <var>fmt</var> as output format. The supported output formats are:
|
||
|
|
</p><dl compact="compact">
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>elf32-i386</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>ELF output format (default)
|
||
|
|
</p></dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>binary</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Binary image (only for executable output)
|
||
|
|
</p></dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>coff</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>COFF output format (only for executable output for TMS320C67xx target)
|
||
|
|
</p></dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Debugger options:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-g</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Generate run time debug information so that you get clear run time
|
||
|
|
error messages: <code> test.c:68: in function 'test5()': dereferencing
|
||
|
|
invalid pointer</code> instead of the laconic <code>Segmentation
|
||
|
|
fault</code>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-b</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Generate additional support code to check
|
||
|
|
memory allocations and array/pointer bounds. ‘<samp>-g</samp>’ is implied. Note
|
||
|
|
that the generated code is slower and bigger in this case.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> ‘<samp>-bt N</samp>’</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>Display N callers in stack traces. This is useful with ‘<samp>-g</samp>’ or
|
||
|
|
‘<samp>-b</samp>’.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Note: GCC options ‘<samp>-Ox</samp>’, ‘<samp>-fx</samp>’ and ‘<samp>-mx</samp>’ are
|
||
|
|
ignored.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="Clang"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC5"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC4" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC6" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h1 class="chapter"> 3. C language support </h1>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC6"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC7" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 3.1 ANSI C </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>TCC implements all the ANSI C standard, including structure bit fields
|
||
|
|
and floating point numbers (<code>long double</code>, <code>double</code>, and
|
||
|
|
<code>float</code> fully supported).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC7"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC6" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC8" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 3.2 ISOC99 extensions </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>TCC implements many features of the new C standard: ISO C99. Currently
|
||
|
|
missing items are: complex and imaginary numbers and variable length
|
||
|
|
arrays.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Currently implemented ISOC99 features:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="toc">
|
||
|
|
<li> 64 bit <code>long long</code> types are fully supported.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> The boolean type <code>_Bool</code> is supported.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> <code>__func__</code> is a string variable containing the current
|
||
|
|
function name.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> Variadic macros: <code>__VA_ARGS__</code> can be used for
|
||
|
|
function-like macros:
|
||
|
|
<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> #define dprintf(level, __VA_ARGS__) printf(__VA_ARGS__)
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><code>dprintf</code> can then be used with a variable number of parameters.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</li><li> Declarations can appear anywhere in a block (as in C++).
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> Array and struct/union elements can be initialized in any order by
|
||
|
|
using designators:
|
||
|
|
<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> struct { int x, y; } st[10] = { [0].x = 1, [0].y = 2 };
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
int tab[10] = { 1, 2, [5] = 5, [9] = 9};
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> Compound initializers are supported:
|
||
|
|
<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int *p = (int []){ 1, 2, 3 };
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<p>to initialize a pointer pointing to an initialized array. The same
|
||
|
|
works for structures and strings.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</li><li> Hexadecimal floating point constants are supported:
|
||
|
|
<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> double d = 0x1234p10;
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>is the same as writing
|
||
|
|
</p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> double d = 4771840.0;
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> <code>inline</code> keyword is ignored.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> <code>restrict</code> keyword is ignored.
|
||
|
|
</li></ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC8"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC7" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC9" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 3.3 GNU C extensions </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>TCC implements some GNU C extensions:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="toc">
|
||
|
|
<li> array designators can be used without '=':
|
||
|
|
<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int a[10] = { [0] 1, [5] 2, 3, 4 };
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> Structure field designators can be a label:
|
||
|
|
<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> struct { int x, y; } st = { x: 1, y: 1};
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<p>instead of
|
||
|
|
</p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> struct { int x, y; } st = { .x = 1, .y = 1};
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> <code>\e</code> is ASCII character 27.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> case ranges : ranges can be used in <code>case</code>s:
|
||
|
|
<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> switch(a) {
|
||
|
|
case 1 … 9:
|
||
|
|
printf("range 1 to 9\n");
|
||
|
|
break;
|
||
|
|
default:
|
||
|
|
printf("unexpected\n");
|
||
|
|
break;
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a name="IDX1"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="IDX2"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="IDX3"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="IDX4"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="IDX5"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="IDX6"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="IDX7"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="IDX8"></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> The keyword <code>__attribute__</code> is handled to specify variable or
|
||
|
|
function attributes. The following attributes are supported:
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ul class="toc">
|
||
|
|
<li> <code>aligned(n)</code>: align a variable or a structure field to n bytes
|
||
|
|
(must be a power of two).
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> <code>packed</code>: force alignment of a variable or a structure field to
|
||
|
|
1.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> <code>section(name)</code>: generate function or data in assembly section
|
||
|
|
name (name is a string containing the section name) instead of the default
|
||
|
|
section.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> <code>unused</code>: specify that the variable or the function is unused.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> <code>cdecl</code>: use standard C calling convention (default).
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> <code>stdcall</code>: use Pascal-like calling convention.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> <code>regparm(n)</code>: use fast i386 calling convention. <var>n</var> must be
|
||
|
|
between 1 and 3. The first <var>n</var> function parameters are respectively put in
|
||
|
|
registers <code>%eax</code>, <code>%edx</code> and <code>%ecx</code>.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> <code>dllexport</code>: export function from dll/executable (win32 only)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li></ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Here are some examples:
|
||
|
|
</p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int a __attribute__ ((aligned(8), section(".mysection")));
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>align variable <code>a</code> to 8 bytes and put it in section <code>.mysection</code>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> int my_add(int a, int b) __attribute__ ((section(".mycodesection")))
|
||
|
|
{
|
||
|
|
return a + b;
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>generate function <code>my_add</code> in section <code>.mycodesection</code>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</li><li> GNU style variadic macros:
|
||
|
|
<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> #define dprintf(fmt, args…) printf(fmt, ## args)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
dprintf("no arg\n");
|
||
|
|
dprintf("one arg %d\n", 1);
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> <code>__FUNCTION__</code> is interpreted as C99 <code>__func__</code>
|
||
|
|
(so it has not exactly the same semantics as string literal GNUC
|
||
|
|
where it is a string literal).
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> The <code>__alignof__</code> keyword can be used as <code>sizeof</code>
|
||
|
|
to get the alignment of a type or an expression.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> The <code>typeof(x)</code> returns the type of <code>x</code>.
|
||
|
|
<code>x</code> is an expression or a type.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> Computed gotos: <code>&&label</code> returns a pointer of type
|
||
|
|
<code>void *</code> on the goto label <code>label</code>. <code>goto *expr</code> can be
|
||
|
|
used to jump on the pointer resulting from <code>expr</code>.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> Inline assembly with asm instruction:
|
||
|
|
<a name="IDX9"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="IDX10"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="IDX11"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">static inline void * my_memcpy(void * to, const void * from, size_t n)
|
||
|
|
{
|
||
|
|
int d0, d1, d2;
|
||
|
|
__asm__ __volatile__(
|
||
|
|
"rep ; movsl\n\t"
|
||
|
|
"testb $2,%b4\n\t"
|
||
|
|
"je 1f\n\t"
|
||
|
|
"movsw\n"
|
||
|
|
"1:\ttestb $1,%b4\n\t"
|
||
|
|
"je 2f\n\t"
|
||
|
|
"movsb\n"
|
||
|
|
"2:"
|
||
|
|
: "=&c" (d0), "=&D" (d1), "=&S" (d2)
|
||
|
|
:"0" (n/4), "q" (n),"1" ((long) to),"2" ((long) from)
|
||
|
|
: "memory");
|
||
|
|
return (to);
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a name="IDX12"></a>
|
||
|
|
<p>TCC includes its own x86 inline assembler with a <code>gas</code>-like (GNU
|
||
|
|
assembler) syntax. No intermediate files are generated. GCC 3.x named
|
||
|
|
operands are supported.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</li><li> <code>__builtin_types_compatible_p()</code> and <code>__builtin_constant_p()</code>
|
||
|
|
are supported.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> <code>#pragma pack</code> is supported for win32 compatibility.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li></ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC9"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC8" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 3.4 TinyCC extensions </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ul class="toc">
|
||
|
|
<li> <code>__TINYC__</code> is a predefined macro to <code>1</code> to
|
||
|
|
indicate that you use TCC.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> <code>#!</code> at the start of a line is ignored to allow scripting.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> Binary digits can be entered (<code>0b101</code> instead of
|
||
|
|
<code>5</code>).
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> <code>__BOUNDS_CHECKING_ON</code> is defined if bound checking is activated.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li></ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="asm"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC10"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC9" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC11" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h1 class="chapter"> 4. TinyCC Assembler </h1>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Since version 0.9.16, TinyCC integrates its own assembler. TinyCC
|
||
|
|
assembler supports a gas-like syntax (GNU assembler). You can
|
||
|
|
desactivate assembler support if you want a smaller TinyCC executable
|
||
|
|
(the C compiler does not rely on the assembler).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>TinyCC Assembler is used to handle files with ‘<tt>.S</tt>’ (C
|
||
|
|
preprocessed assembler) and ‘<tt>.s</tt>’ extensions. It is also used to
|
||
|
|
handle the GNU inline assembler with the <code>asm</code> keyword.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC11"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC12" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 4.1 Syntax </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>TinyCC Assembler supports most of the gas syntax. The tokens are the
|
||
|
|
same as C.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="toc">
|
||
|
|
<li> C and C++ comments are supported.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> Identifiers are the same as C, so you cannot use '.' or '$'.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> Only 32 bit integer numbers are supported.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li></ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC12"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC11" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC13" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 4.2 Expressions </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ul class="toc">
|
||
|
|
<li> Integers in decimal, octal and hexa are supported.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> Unary operators: +, -, ~.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> Binary operators in decreasing priority order:
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ol>
|
||
|
|
<li> *, /, %
|
||
|
|
</li><li> &, |, ^
|
||
|
|
</li><li> +, -
|
||
|
|
</li></ol>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> A value is either an absolute number or a label plus an offset.
|
||
|
|
All operators accept absolute values except '+' and '-'. '+' or '-' can be
|
||
|
|
used to add an offset to a label. '-' supports two labels only if they
|
||
|
|
are the same or if they are both defined and in the same section.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li></ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC13"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC12" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC14" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 4.3 Labels </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ul class="toc">
|
||
|
|
<li> All labels are considered as local, except undefined ones.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> Numeric labels can be used as local <code>gas</code>-like labels.
|
||
|
|
They can be defined several times in the same source. Use 'b'
|
||
|
|
(backward) or 'f' (forward) as suffix to reference them:
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example"> 1:
|
||
|
|
jmp 1b /* jump to '1' label before */
|
||
|
|
jmp 1f /* jump to '1' label after */
|
||
|
|
1:
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li></ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC14"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC13" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC15" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 4.4 Directives </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>All directives are preceeded by a '.'. The following directives are
|
||
|
|
supported:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="toc">
|
||
|
|
<li> .align n[,value]
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .skip n[,value]
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .space n[,value]
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .byte value1[,...]
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .word value1[,...]
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .short value1[,...]
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .int value1[,...]
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .long value1[,...]
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .quad immediate_value1[,...]
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .globl symbol
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .global symbol
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .section section
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .text
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .data
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .bss
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .fill repeat[,size[,value]]
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .org n
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .previous
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .string string[,...]
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .asciz string[,...]
|
||
|
|
</li><li> .ascii string[,...]
|
||
|
|
</li></ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC15"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC14" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 4.5 X86 Assembler </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>All X86 opcodes are supported. Only ATT syntax is supported (source
|
||
|
|
then destination operand order). If no size suffix is given, TinyCC
|
||
|
|
tries to guess it from the operand sizes.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Currently, MMX opcodes are supported but not SSE ones.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="linker"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC16"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC15" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC17" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h1 class="chapter"> 5. TinyCC Linker </h1>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC17"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC18" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 5.1 ELF file generation </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>TCC can directly output relocatable ELF files (object files),
|
||
|
|
executable ELF files and dynamic ELF libraries without relying on an
|
||
|
|
external linker.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Dynamic ELF libraries can be output but the C compiler does not generate
|
||
|
|
position independent code (PIC). It means that the dynamic library
|
||
|
|
code generated by TCC cannot be factorized among processes yet.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>TCC linker eliminates unreferenced object code in libraries. A single pass is
|
||
|
|
done on the object and library list, so the order in which object files and
|
||
|
|
libraries are specified is important (same constraint as GNU ld). No grouping
|
||
|
|
options (‘<samp>--start-group</samp>’ and ‘<samp>--end-group</samp>’) are supported.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC18"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC17" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC19" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 5.2 ELF file loader </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>TCC can load ELF object files, archives (.a files) and dynamic
|
||
|
|
libraries (.so).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC19"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC18" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC20" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 5.3 PE-i386 file generation </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>TCC for Windows supports the native Win32 executable file format (PE-i386). It
|
||
|
|
generates EXE files (console and gui) and DLL files.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>For usage on Windows, see also tcc-win32.txt.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC20"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC19" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 5.4 GNU Linker Scripts </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Because on many Linux systems some dynamic libraries (such as
|
||
|
|
‘<tt>/usr/lib/libc.so</tt>’) are in fact GNU ld link scripts (horrible!),
|
||
|
|
the TCC linker also supports a subset of GNU ld scripts.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>The <code>GROUP</code> and <code>FILE</code> commands are supported. <code>OUTPUT_FORMAT</code>
|
||
|
|
and <code>TARGET</code> are ignored.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Example from ‘<tt>/usr/lib/libc.so</tt>’:
|
||
|
|
</p><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">/* GNU ld script
|
||
|
|
Use the shared library, but some functions are only in
|
||
|
|
the static library, so try that secondarily. */
|
||
|
|
GROUP ( /lib/libc.so.6 /usr/lib/libc_nonshared.a )
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="Bounds"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC21"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC20" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC22" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC22" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h1 class="chapter"> 6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks </h1>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>This feature is activated with the ‘<samp>-b</samp>’ (see section <a href="#SEC2">Command line invocation</a>).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Note that pointer size is <em>unchanged</em> and that code generated
|
||
|
|
with bound checks is <em>fully compatible</em> with unchecked
|
||
|
|
code. When a pointer comes from unchecked code, it is assumed to be
|
||
|
|
valid. Even very obscure C code with casts should work correctly.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>For more information about the ideas behind this method, see
|
||
|
|
<a href="http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~phjk/BoundsChecking.html">http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~phjk/BoundsChecking.html</a>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Here are some examples of caught errors:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
||
|
|
<dt> Invalid range with standard string function:</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{
|
||
|
|
char tab[10];
|
||
|
|
memset(tab, 0, 11);
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> Out of bounds-error in global or local arrays:</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{
|
||
|
|
int tab[10];
|
||
|
|
for(i=0;i<11;i++) {
|
||
|
|
sum += tab[i];
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> Out of bounds-error in malloc'ed data:</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{
|
||
|
|
int *tab;
|
||
|
|
tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int));
|
||
|
|
for(i=0;i<21;i++) {
|
||
|
|
sum += tab4[i];
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
free(tab);
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> Access of freed memory:</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{
|
||
|
|
int *tab;
|
||
|
|
tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int));
|
||
|
|
free(tab);
|
||
|
|
for(i=0;i<20;i++) {
|
||
|
|
sum += tab4[i];
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> Double free:</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">{
|
||
|
|
int *tab;
|
||
|
|
tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int));
|
||
|
|
free(tab);
|
||
|
|
free(tab);
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="Libtcc"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC22"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h1 class="chapter"> 7. The <code>libtcc</code> library </h1>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The <code>libtcc</code> library enables you to use TCC as a backend for
|
||
|
|
dynamic code generation.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Read the ‘<tt>libtcc.h</tt>’ to have an overview of the API. Read
|
||
|
|
‘<tt>libtcc_test.c</tt>’ to have a very simple example.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>The idea consists in giving a C string containing the program you want
|
||
|
|
to compile directly to <code>libtcc</code>. Then you can access to any global
|
||
|
|
symbol (function or variable) defined.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="devel"></a>
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC23"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC22" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC24" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC22" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h1 class="chapter"> 8. Developer's guide </h1>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>This chapter gives some hints to understand how TCC works. You can skip
|
||
|
|
it if you do not intend to modify the TCC code.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC24"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC25" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 8.1 File reading </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The <code>BufferedFile</code> structure contains the context needed to read a
|
||
|
|
file, including the current line number. <code>tcc_open()</code> opens a new
|
||
|
|
file and <code>tcc_close()</code> closes it. <code>inp()</code> returns the next
|
||
|
|
character.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC25"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC24" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC26" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 8.2 Lexer </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><code>next()</code> reads the next token in the current
|
||
|
|
file. <code>next_nomacro()</code> reads the next token without macro
|
||
|
|
expansion.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p><code>tok</code> contains the current token (see <code>TOK_xxx</code>)
|
||
|
|
constants. Identifiers and keywords are also keywords. <code>tokc</code>
|
||
|
|
contains additional infos about the token (for example a constant value
|
||
|
|
if number or string token).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC26"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC25" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC27" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 8.3 Parser </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The parser is hardcoded (yacc is not necessary). It does only one pass,
|
||
|
|
except:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="toc">
|
||
|
|
<li> For initialized arrays with unknown size, a first pass
|
||
|
|
is done to count the number of elements.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li><li> For architectures where arguments are evaluated in
|
||
|
|
reverse order, a first pass is done to reverse the argument order.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</li></ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC27"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC26" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC28" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 8.4 Types </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The types are stored in a single 'int' variable. It was choosen in the
|
||
|
|
first stages of development when tcc was much simpler. Now, it may not
|
||
|
|
be the best solution.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#define VT_INT 0 /* integer type */
|
||
|
|
#define VT_BYTE 1 /* signed byte type */
|
||
|
|
#define VT_SHORT 2 /* short type */
|
||
|
|
#define VT_VOID 3 /* void type */
|
||
|
|
#define VT_PTR 4 /* pointer */
|
||
|
|
#define VT_ENUM 5 /* enum definition */
|
||
|
|
#define VT_FUNC 6 /* function type */
|
||
|
|
#define VT_STRUCT 7 /* struct/union definition */
|
||
|
|
#define VT_FLOAT 8 /* IEEE float */
|
||
|
|
#define VT_DOUBLE 9 /* IEEE double */
|
||
|
|
#define VT_LDOUBLE 10 /* IEEE long double */
|
||
|
|
#define VT_BOOL 11 /* ISOC99 boolean type */
|
||
|
|
#define VT_LLONG 12 /* 64 bit integer */
|
||
|
|
#define VT_LONG 13 /* long integer (NEVER USED as type, only
|
||
|
|
during parsing) */
|
||
|
|
#define VT_BTYPE 0x000f /* mask for basic type */
|
||
|
|
#define VT_UNSIGNED 0x0010 /* unsigned type */
|
||
|
|
#define VT_ARRAY 0x0020 /* array type (also has VT_PTR) */
|
||
|
|
#define VT_BITFIELD 0x0040 /* bitfield modifier */
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
#define VT_STRUCT_SHIFT 16 /* structure/enum name shift (16 bits left) */
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>When a reference to another type is needed (for pointers, functions and
|
||
|
|
structures), the <code>32 - VT_STRUCT_SHIFT</code> high order bits are used to
|
||
|
|
store an identifier reference.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>The <code>VT_UNSIGNED</code> flag can be set for chars, shorts, ints and long
|
||
|
|
longs.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Arrays are considered as pointers <code>VT_PTR</code> with the flag
|
||
|
|
<code>VT_ARRAY</code> set.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>The <code>VT_BITFIELD</code> flag can be set for chars, shorts, ints and long
|
||
|
|
longs. If it is set, then the bitfield position is stored from bits
|
||
|
|
VT_STRUCT_SHIFT to VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 5 and the bit field size is stored
|
||
|
|
from bits VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 6 to VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 11.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p><code>VT_LONG</code> is never used except during parsing.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>During parsing, the storage of an object is also stored in the type
|
||
|
|
integer:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#define VT_EXTERN 0x00000080 /* extern definition */
|
||
|
|
#define VT_STATIC 0x00000100 /* static variable */
|
||
|
|
#define VT_TYPEDEF 0x00000200 /* typedef definition */
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC28"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC27" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC29" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 8.5 Symbols </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>All symbols are stored in hashed symbol stacks. Each symbol stack
|
||
|
|
contains <code>Sym</code> structures.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p><code>Sym.v</code> contains the symbol name (remember
|
||
|
|
an idenfier is also a token, so a string is never necessary to store
|
||
|
|
it). <code>Sym.t</code> gives the type of the symbol. <code>Sym.r</code> is usually
|
||
|
|
the register in which the corresponding variable is stored. <code>Sym.c</code> is
|
||
|
|
usually a constant associated to the symbol.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Four main symbol stacks are defined:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>define_stack</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>for the macros (<code>#define</code>s).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>global_stack</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>for the global variables, functions and types.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>local_stack</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>for the local variables, functions and types.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>global_label_stack</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>for the local labels (for <code>goto</code>).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>label_stack</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>for GCC block local labels (see the <code>__label__</code> keyword).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><code>sym_push()</code> is used to add a new symbol in the local symbol
|
||
|
|
stack. If no local symbol stack is active, it is added in the global
|
||
|
|
symbol stack.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p><code>sym_pop(st,b)</code> pops symbols from the symbol stack <var>st</var> until
|
||
|
|
the symbol <var>b</var> is on the top of stack. If <var>b</var> is NULL, the stack
|
||
|
|
is emptied.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p><code>sym_find(v)</code> return the symbol associated to the identifier
|
||
|
|
<var>v</var>. The local stack is searched first from top to bottom, then the
|
||
|
|
global stack.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC29"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC28" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 8.6 Sections </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The generated code and datas are written in sections. The structure
|
||
|
|
<code>Section</code> contains all the necessary information for a given
|
||
|
|
section. <code>new_section()</code> creates a new section. ELF file semantics
|
||
|
|
is assumed for each section.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>The following sections are predefined:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>text_section</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>is the section containing the generated code. <var>ind</var> contains the
|
||
|
|
current position in the code section.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>data_section</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>contains initialized data
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>bss_section</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>contains uninitialized data
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>bounds_section</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>lbounds_section</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>are used when bound checking is activated
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>stab_section</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>stabstr_section</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>are used when debugging is actived to store debug information
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>symtab_section</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>strtab_section</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>contain the exported symbols (currently only used for debugging).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC30"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC29" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC31" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 8.7 Code generation </h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC31"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC32" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h3 class="subsection"> 8.7.1 Introduction </h3>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The TCC code generator directly generates linked binary code in one
|
||
|
|
pass. It is rather unusual these days (see gcc for example which
|
||
|
|
generates text assembly), but it can be very fast and surprisingly
|
||
|
|
little complicated.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>The TCC code generator is register based. Optimization is only done at
|
||
|
|
the expression level. No intermediate representation of expression is
|
||
|
|
kept except the current values stored in the <em>value stack</em>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>On x86, three temporary registers are used. When more registers are
|
||
|
|
needed, one register is spilled into a new temporary variable on the stack.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC32"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC31" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC33" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h3 class="subsection"> 8.7.2 The value stack </h3>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>When an expression is parsed, its value is pushed on the value stack
|
||
|
|
(<var>vstack</var>). The top of the value stack is <var>vtop</var>. Each value
|
||
|
|
stack entry is the structure <code>SValue</code>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p><code>SValue.t</code> is the type. <code>SValue.r</code> indicates how the value is
|
||
|
|
currently stored in the generated code. It is usually a CPU register
|
||
|
|
index (<code>REG_xxx</code> constants), but additional values and flags are
|
||
|
|
defined:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<table><tr><td> </td><td><pre class="example">#define VT_CONST 0x00f0
|
||
|
|
#define VT_LLOCAL 0x00f1
|
||
|
|
#define VT_LOCAL 0x00f2
|
||
|
|
#define VT_CMP 0x00f3
|
||
|
|
#define VT_JMP 0x00f4
|
||
|
|
#define VT_JMPI 0x00f5
|
||
|
|
#define VT_LVAL 0x0100
|
||
|
|
#define VT_SYM 0x0200
|
||
|
|
#define VT_MUSTCAST 0x0400
|
||
|
|
#define VT_MUSTBOUND 0x0800
|
||
|
|
#define VT_BOUNDED 0x8000
|
||
|
|
#define VT_LVAL_BYTE 0x1000
|
||
|
|
#define VT_LVAL_SHORT 0x2000
|
||
|
|
#define VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED 0x4000
|
||
|
|
#define VT_LVAL_TYPE (VT_LVAL_BYTE | VT_LVAL_SHORT | VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED)
|
||
|
|
</pre></td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>VT_CONST</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>indicates that the value is a constant. It is stored in the union
|
||
|
|
<code>SValue.c</code>, depending on its type.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>VT_LOCAL</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>indicates a local variable pointer at offset <code>SValue.c.i</code> in the
|
||
|
|
stack.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>VT_CMP</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>indicates that the value is actually stored in the CPU flags (i.e. the
|
||
|
|
value is the consequence of a test). The value is either 0 or 1. The
|
||
|
|
actual CPU flags used is indicated in <code>SValue.c.i</code>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>If any code is generated which destroys the CPU flags, this value MUST be
|
||
|
|
put in a normal register.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>VT_JMP</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>VT_JMPI</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>indicates that the value is the consequence of a conditional jump. For VT_JMP,
|
||
|
|
it is 1 if the jump is taken, 0 otherwise. For VT_JMPI it is inverted.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>These values are used to compile the <code>||</code> and <code>&&</code> logical
|
||
|
|
operators.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>If any code is generated, this value MUST be put in a normal
|
||
|
|
register. Otherwise, the generated code won't be executed if the jump is
|
||
|
|
taken.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>VT_LVAL</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>is a flag indicating that the value is actually an lvalue (left value of
|
||
|
|
an assignment). It means that the value stored is actually a pointer to
|
||
|
|
the wanted value.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>Understanding the use <code>VT_LVAL</code> is very important if you want to
|
||
|
|
understand how TCC works.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>VT_LVAL_BYTE</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>VT_LVAL_SHORT</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>if the lvalue has an integer type, then these flags give its real
|
||
|
|
type. The type alone is not enough in case of cast optimisations.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>VT_LLOCAL</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>is a saved lvalue on the stack. <code>VT_LLOCAL</code> should be eliminated
|
||
|
|
ASAP because its semantics are rather complicated.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>VT_MUSTCAST</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>indicates that a cast to the value type must be performed if the value
|
||
|
|
is used (lazy casting).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>VT_SYM</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>indicates that the symbol <code>SValue.sym</code> must be added to the constant.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>VT_MUSTBOUND</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>VT_BOUNDED</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>are only used for optional bound checking.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC33"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC32" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC34" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h3 class="subsection"> 8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack </h3>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><code>vsetc()</code> and <code>vset()</code> pushes a new value on the value
|
||
|
|
stack. If the previous <var>vtop</var> was stored in a very unsafe place(for
|
||
|
|
example in the CPU flags), then some code is generated to put the
|
||
|
|
previous <var>vtop</var> in a safe storage.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p><code>vpop()</code> pops <var>vtop</var>. In some cases, it also generates cleanup
|
||
|
|
code (for example if stacked floating point registers are used as on
|
||
|
|
x86).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>The <code>gv(rc)</code> function generates code to evaluate <var>vtop</var> (the
|
||
|
|
top value of the stack) into registers. <var>rc</var> selects in which
|
||
|
|
register class the value should be put. <code>gv()</code> is the <em>most
|
||
|
|
important function</em> of the code generator.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p><code>gv2()</code> is the same as <code>gv()</code> but for the top two stack
|
||
|
|
entries.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC34"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC33" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC35" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h3 class="subsection"> 8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation </h3>
|
||
|
|
<p>See the ‘<tt>i386-gen.c</tt>’ file to have an example.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<dl compact="compact">
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>load()</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>must generate the code needed to load a stack value into a register.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>store()</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>must generate the code needed to store a register into a stack value
|
||
|
|
lvalue.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>gfunc_start()</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>gfunc_param()</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>gfunc_call()</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>should generate a function call
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>gfunc_prolog()</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>gfunc_epilog()</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>should generate a function prolog/epilog.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>gen_opi(op)</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>must generate the binary integer operation <var>op</var> on the two top
|
||
|
|
entries of the stack which are guaranted to contain integer types.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>The result value should be put on the stack.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>gen_opf(op)</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>same as <code>gen_opi()</code> for floating point operations. The two top
|
||
|
|
entries of the stack are guaranted to contain floating point values of
|
||
|
|
same types.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>gen_cvt_itof()</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>integer to floating point conversion.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>gen_cvt_ftoi()</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>floating point to integer conversion.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>gen_cvt_ftof()</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>floating point to floating point of different size conversion.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>gen_bounded_ptr_add()</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dt> <code>gen_bounded_ptr_deref()</code></dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd><p>are only used for bounds checking.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC35"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC34" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next section in reading order"> > </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> >> </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h2 class="section"> 8.8 Optimizations done </h2>
|
||
|
|
<p>Constant propagation is done for all operations. Multiplications and
|
||
|
|
divisions are optimized to shifts when appropriate. Comparison
|
||
|
|
operators are optimized by maintaining a special cache for the
|
||
|
|
processor flags. &&, || and ! are optimized by maintaining a special
|
||
|
|
'jump target' value. No other jump optimization is currently performed
|
||
|
|
because it would require to store the code in a more abstract fashion.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC36"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC35" title="Previous section in reading order"> < </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[ > ]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[ >> ]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left"> </td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h1 class="unnumbered"> Concept Index </h1>
|
||
|
|
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a href="#SEC36_0" class="summary-letter"><b>_</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_1" class="summary-letter"><b>A</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_2" class="summary-letter"><b>B</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_3" class="summary-letter"><b>C</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_4" class="summary-letter"><b>D</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_5" class="summary-letter"><b>E</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_6" class="summary-letter"><b>F</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_7" class="summary-letter"><b>G</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_8" class="summary-letter"><b>I</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_9" class="summary-letter"><b>J</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_10" class="summary-letter"><b>L</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_11" class="summary-letter"><b>M</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_12" class="summary-letter"><b>O</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_13" class="summary-letter"><b>P</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_14" class="summary-letter"><b>Q</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_15" class="summary-letter"><b>R</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_16" class="summary-letter"><b>S</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_17" class="summary-letter"><b>T</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_18" class="summary-letter"><b>U</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_19" class="summary-letter"><b>V</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_20" class="summary-letter"><b>W</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<table border="0" class="index-cp">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_0">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX11">__asm__</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_1">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">align directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX1">aligned attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">ascii directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">asciz directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC15">assembler</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC15">4.5 X86 Assembler</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">assembler directives</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX10">assembly, inline</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_2">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">bound checks</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">bss directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">byte directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_3">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">caching processor flags</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX5">cdecl attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC30">code generation</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC30">8.7 Code generation</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">comparison operators</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">constant propagation</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC34">CPU dependent</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC34">8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_4">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">data directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">directives, assembler</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX8">dllexport attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_5">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC17">ELF</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC17">5.1 ELF file generation</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_6">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">FILE, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">fill directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">flags, caching</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_7">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX12">gas</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">global directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">globl directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">GROUP, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_8">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX9">inline assembly</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">int directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_9">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">jump optimization</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_10">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC16">linker</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">linker scripts</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">long directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_11">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">memory checks</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_12">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">optimizations</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">org directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">OUTPUT_FORMAT, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_13">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX2">packed attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC19">PE-i386</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC19">5.3 PE-i386 file generation</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">previous directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_14">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">quad directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_15">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX7">regparm attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_16">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">scripts, linker</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX3">section attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">section directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">short directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">skip directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">space directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX6">stdcall attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">strength reduction</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">string directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_17">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">TARGET, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">text directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_18">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX4">unused attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_19">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC33">value stack</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC33">8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC32">value stack, introduction</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC32">8.7.2 The value stack</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><th><a name="SEC36_20">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">word directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
|
||
|
|
</table>
|
||
|
|
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a href="#SEC36_0" class="summary-letter"><b>_</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<br>
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_1" class="summary-letter"><b>A</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_2" class="summary-letter"><b>B</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_3" class="summary-letter"><b>C</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_4" class="summary-letter"><b>D</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_5" class="summary-letter"><b>E</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_6" class="summary-letter"><b>F</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_7" class="summary-letter"><b>G</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_8" class="summary-letter"><b>I</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_9" class="summary-letter"><b>J</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_10" class="summary-letter"><b>L</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_11" class="summary-letter"><b>M</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_12" class="summary-letter"><b>O</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_13" class="summary-letter"><b>P</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_14" class="summary-letter"><b>Q</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_15" class="summary-letter"><b>R</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_16" class="summary-letter"><b>S</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_17" class="summary-letter"><b>T</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_18" class="summary-letter"><b>U</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_19" class="summary-letter"><b>V</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#SEC36_20" class="summary-letter"><b>W</b></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</td></tr></table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr size="6">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
|
||
|
|
<div class="contents">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ul class="toc">
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC1" href="#SEC1">1. Introduction</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC2" href="#SEC2">2. Command line invocation</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="toc">
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC3" href="#SEC3">2.1 Quick start</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC4" href="#SEC4">2.2 Option summary</a></li>
|
||
|
|
</ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC5" href="#SEC5">3. C language support</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="toc">
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC6" href="#SEC6">3.1 ANSI C</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC7" href="#SEC7">3.2 ISOC99 extensions</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC8" href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC9" href="#SEC9">3.4 TinyCC extensions</a></li>
|
||
|
|
</ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC10" href="#SEC10">4. TinyCC Assembler</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="toc">
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC11" href="#SEC11">4.1 Syntax</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC12" href="#SEC12">4.2 Expressions</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC13" href="#SEC13">4.3 Labels</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC14" href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC15" href="#SEC15">4.5 X86 Assembler</a></li>
|
||
|
|
</ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC16" href="#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="toc">
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC17" href="#SEC17">5.1 ELF file generation</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC18" href="#SEC18">5.2 ELF file loader</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC19" href="#SEC19">5.3 PE-i386 file generation</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC20" href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></li>
|
||
|
|
</ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC21" href="#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC22" href="#SEC22">7. The <code>libtcc</code> library</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC23" href="#SEC23">8. Developer's guide</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="toc">
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC24" href="#SEC24">8.1 File reading</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC25" href="#SEC25">8.2 Lexer</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC26" href="#SEC26">8.3 Parser</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC27" href="#SEC27">8.4 Types</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC28" href="#SEC28">8.5 Symbols</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC29" href="#SEC29">8.6 Sections</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC30" href="#SEC30">8.7 Code generation</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul class="toc">
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC31" href="#SEC31">8.7.1 Introduction</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC32" href="#SEC32">8.7.2 The value stack</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC33" href="#SEC33">8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC34" href="#SEC34">8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation</a></li>
|
||
|
|
</ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC35" href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></li>
|
||
|
|
</ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a name="TOC36" href="#SEC36">Concept Index</a></li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
<hr size="1">
|
||
|
|
<a name="SEC_About"></a>
|
||
|
|
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
|
||
|
|
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
<td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr></table>
|
||
|
|
<h1>About This Document</h1>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
This document was generated by <em>gr</em> on <em>May, 18 2009</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.78</em></a>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
The buttons in the navigation panels have the following meaning:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<table border="1">
|
||
|
|
<tr>
|
||
|
|
<th> Button </th>
|
||
|
|
<th> Name </th>
|
||
|
|
<th> Go to </th>
|
||
|
|
<th> From 1.2.3 go to</th>
|
||
|
|
</tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr>
|
||
|
|
<td align="center"> [ < ] </td>
|
||
|
|
<td align="center">Back</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>Previous section in reading order</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>1.2.2</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr>
|
||
|
|
<td align="center"> [ > ] </td>
|
||
|
|
<td align="center">Forward</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>Next section in reading order</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>1.2.4</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr>
|
||
|
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<tr>
|
||
|
|
<td align="center"> [ << ] </td>
|
||
|
|
<td align="center">FastBack</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter</td>
|
||
|
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<td>1</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr>
|
||
|
|
<td align="center"> [ Up ] </td>
|
||
|
|
<td align="center">Up</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>Up section</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
||
|
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</tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr>
|
||
|
|
<td align="center"> [ >> ] </td>
|
||
|
|
<td align="center">FastForward</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>Next chapter</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>2</td>
|
||
|
|
</tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr>
|
||
|
|
<td align="center"> [Top] </td>
|
||
|
|
<td align="center">Top</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>Cover (top) of document</td>
|
||
|
|
<td> </td>
|
||
|
|
</tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr>
|
||
|
|
<td align="center"> [Contents] </td>
|
||
|
|
<td align="center">Contents</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>Table of contents</td>
|
||
|
|
<td> </td>
|
||
|
|
</tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr>
|
||
|
|
<td align="center"> [Index] </td>
|
||
|
|
<td align="center">Index</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>Index</td>
|
||
|
|
<td> </td>
|
||
|
|
</tr>
|
||
|
|
<tr>
|
||
|
|
<td align="center"> [ ? ] </td>
|
||
|
|
<td align="center">About</td>
|
||
|
|
<td>About (help)</td>
|
||
|
|
<td> </td>
|
||
|
|
</tr>
|
||
|
|
</table>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
where the <strong> Example </strong> assumes that the current position is at <strong> Subsubsection One-Two-Three </strong> of a document of the following structure:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li> 1. Section One
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>1.1 Subsection One-One
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>...</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>1.2 Subsection One-Two
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>1.2.1 Subsubsection One-Two-One</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>1.2.2 Subsubsection One-Two-Two</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>1.2.3 Subsubsection One-Two-Three
|
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<strong><== Current Position </strong></li>
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<li>1.2.4 Subsubsection One-Two-Four</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>1.3 Subsection One-Three
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<ul>
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<li>...</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>1.4 Subsection One-Four</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<hr size="1">
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<p>
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<font size="-1">
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This document was generated by <em>gr</em> on <em>May, 18 2009</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.78</em></a>.
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</body>
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</html>
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